Overview
Türkiye is located in southwestern Asia bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Georgia, and bordering the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, between Greece and Syria. Present-day Türkiye was created in 1923 from the Turkish remnants of the Ottoman
Empire. Soon thereafter, the country instituted secular laws to replace traditional religious fiats and is now a parliamentary democracy. In 1945 Türkiye joined the UN, and in 1952 it became a member of NATO. Türkiye intervened militarily on Cyprus in 1974 to protect Turkish Cypriots and prevent a Greek takeover of the island; the northern 37 percent of the island remains under Turkish Cypriot control. Relations
between Türkiye and Greece have improved greatly over the past few years.
Currently, Türkiye's estimated population is 80,813,000. The prominent religion practiced in Türkiye is Muslim, with the overwhelming majority being Sunni, however, Christianity and Judaism are present as well. The languages spoken include Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic, Armenian, and Greek.
Education
The T.C. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı oversees education in Türkiye.
Primary Education
Primary education is compulsory for all citizens and begins at age 6. Eight years is the standard duration for primary education. After the successful completion of primary school, students are awarded with the İlköğretim Diplomasi.
Secondary Education
Seconary education consists of general and vocational/technical high schools that offer at least 3 years of education. The Lise Diplomasi is awarded after an additional 3 years of secondary educaiton beyond the İlköğretim Diplomasi.
The Meslek Lise Diplomasi is offered after an additional 3 years of vocational secondary education. And the Teknik Lise Diplomasi is awarded after 4 years of technical secondary education beyond the İlköğretim Diplomasi. In
addition, the Meslek Yüksek Okulu Diplomasini is awarded after completion of a 2-year program of study in a Vocational High School.
Post-Secondary Education
Admission to higher education is centralized and based on a nation-wide single-stage examination administered by the Student Selection and Placement Center (ÖSYM) every year.
Institutions of higher education offer programs of study at associate's, bachelor's,
master's or doctorate degree levels. The system consists of state and private (foundation) universities and non-university institutions of higher education (police and military academies and colleges). Private universities come under the supervision of the Council of Higher Education and their programs must be regularly accredited.
First Cycle, Academic
There are several degrees students can earn within the first cycle of post-secondary education. The Önlisans Derecesi/Diplomasi is awarded after the completion of a 2-year program of university study. The Lisans Derecesi is awarded to students who have completed all 4 years of university education. Other more career oriented degrees, such as the 5-year Mühendislik Diplomasi engineering degree or the 6-year Tip Doktoru Lisans Diplomasi for medicine,
are offered as well.
First Cycle, Vocational/Technical
The Hazirlik is a 1-year preparation program offered by universities and intended to fill in academic requirments necessary for vocational or technical secondary graduates to apply to university. It can also be taken in order to improve foreign
language proficiency.
Second Cycle
The Yüksek Lisans Diplomasi is awarded after the completion of a 1- or 2-year program of graduate study in a number of various fields. The Uzmanlik Belgesi is awarded after the completion of the 2-year program in Agriculture, Pharmacy,
or Verterinary Science or after the compltion of a 2- to 6-year program of advanced clinical training in the medical field. The Bilim Uzmanliği Diplomasi is earned by students who complete two years of study in a science graduate program.
Third Cycle
Those who wish to further their degree after having completed graduate studies may pursue their doctorate. The Doktora Diplomasi is awarded after the completion of a 2- or 3-year program of graduate study and research, as well as the completion
of a thesis.