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Gabriel R. Serna, Ph.D., is an assistant professor in the School of Education at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University. He is also former assistant director of admissions at the University of Kentucky. His research interests include higher education economics, finance, and policy; enrollment management; undocumented students; and student price response. He can be reached at gaserna@vt.edu.

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  1. In the interest of full disclosure, I would like to underscore that though I employ a number of foundational resources in this article, I rely heavily on the recently published “Handbook” given that it is arguably the most current and comprehensive treatment of SEM available.
  2. 2While this may formally be the case, some would argue that it in fact began with Akerlof’s (1970) paper, “The Market for Lemons.”
  3. 3In the proposed enhanced utility function Akerlof and Kranton (2002) suggest that utility is not simply a function of effort (e), skills (k), and wages (w) but rather that Ui = (wk(ei), ei, Ii) , where a student can derive utility from identity (I) by enhancing self-image based on ideal insider or ideal outsider positions in terms of social categories.
  4. 4This case is again supported by the literature reviewed earlier.

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